1. ___ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.  Attribution theory
2. ________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.  Self-serving
3. ________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible.  Availability
4. ________ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.  Intuitive decision making
5. ________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.  Perception
6. ________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it’s wrong.  Escalation of commitment
7. ________ refers to the evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.  Contrast effect
8. ________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.  Halo effect
9. ___________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.  Attribution Theory
10. ___________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.  Halo effect
11. A candidate is likely to receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded by mediocre applicants and a less favorable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants. This is an example of the halo effect.  FALSE
12. A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of six or nine months earlier. This shows that the manager’s perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias.  Availability
13. A person’s tendency to believe he or she can predict the outcome of random events is known as the self-serving bias.  FALSE
14. A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________.  bounded rationality
15. A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.  Problem
16. According to the attribution theory, ________ is one of the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual’s behavior.  Distinctiveness
17. According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores _________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.  low on consistency
18. According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.  low on consistency
19. According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes.  low on distinctiveness
20. According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ____   consensus
21. According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause?  a behavior that scores high on consensus
22. Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers?  Characteristics of the target affect people’s perception.
23. Amanda Winter worked as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance until three months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was facing major difficulties in achieving campaign milestones and the project was falling behind schedule due to her lack of performance. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Laura was influenced by the halo effect in her decision to promote Amanda?  Laura sat in on only one of Amanda’s presentations prior to giving her the promotion.
24. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?  Consistency
25. David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers’ perception of SUV drivers?  his expectations
26. During team meetings Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask innumerable questions and suggest ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing’s perception of Law?   Context
27. Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisficing a large number of her decisions. Which of the following is Boyce most likely to do?  search for solutions that are reasonable
28. Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it’s wrong.  TRUE
29. Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this?  We don’t look at targets in isolation.
30. Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women’s rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization’s upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best characterizes Kirby’s decision?   selective perception
31. If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________.  Consistency
32. Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli.  selective perception
33. Individuals engage in _____________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli.  Selective perception
34. Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior?  It shows consistency.
35. Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior?  high on consistency
36. Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica’s interpretation of Carrie’s personality is most likely to be affected by ________.  contrast effect
37. Johanna Rouse feels disheartened because she was not selected for the campaign exchange program in Amsterdam. Which component of an attitude does Rouse’s feeling represent?  Affective
38. Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________.  Stereotyping
39. Megan Cardova, who works as a sales executive at Orbit Bank, has been failing to meet her sales targets for the last 10 months. Recently, she had a face-to-face discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason for her underperformance. The manager, however, noticed that all the other team members were achieving their targets and sometimes were even achieving more than the set numbers. Which of the following is Cardova’s behavior most likely to be characterized as according to the attribution theory?  low consensus
40. Men make better decisions than women.  FALSE
41. Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden’s perception of plastic bag users?  Expectation
42. Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden’s perception of plastic bag users?  Expectation
43. People are usually not aware of the factors that influence their view of reality.  TRUE
44. People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.  TRUE
45. Samantha is never late for work, but last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha’s behavior on that day scores ____   low on consistency
46. Sarah Covington, a sales manager at Synergy Corporation Bank, often keeps low expectations of her team. She feels that they are under qualified for their job and do not have substantial experience to sell a large number of accounts. Covington’s team does not feel motivated enough and invariably underperforms and misses target on a regular basis. Which of the following concepts best explains Covington’s team’s poor performance?  Self-fulfilling prophecy
47. Stereotyping helps individuals make quick decisions through generalizations.  TRUE
48. The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver’s personality or past experiences.  FALSE
49. The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias.  Hindsight
50. The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic is known as the contrast effect.  FALSE
51. To stop lie-detection for written communications we can look in e-mail messages as liars omit personal pronouns, use noncommittal expressions, change tenses, skip topics, provide too much detail, or add qualifying statements.  FALSE
52. What is perception? Discuss the factors that influence perception.  Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. What an individual perceives can be substantially different from objective reality. When people look at a target and attempt to interpret what they see, their interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics such as their attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. Characteristics of the target also affect perception. Since people do not look at targets in isolation, the relationship of a target to its background also influences perception, as does one’s tendency to group close things and similar things together. Context matters as well. The time at which people see an object or event can influence attention, as can location, light, heat, or any number of situational factors.
53. What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?   defining the problem
54. When individuals observe another person’s behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon?  attribution theory
55. When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the   perceivers
56. Which of the following describes the halo effect?  drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
57. Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome?  rational decision-making model
58. Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception?  Interest
59. Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person’s perception?  Time
60. Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person’s perception?  Novelty
61. Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations?  Stereotyping
62. Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?  An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire.
63. Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior?  An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy.
64. Which of the following is true about intuitive decision making?  It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.
65. Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?  It involves evaluation of a person’s features based on comparison with another person.
66. Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?  Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality.
67. Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?  It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.
68. Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?  It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.
69. Which of the following statements represents the cognitive component of attitude?  This job is not giving me an opportunity to explore my skills.
70. Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?  fundamental attribution error
71. Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?  fundamental attribution error
72. Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting expectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception?  self-fulfilling prophecy
73. Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives?  Decision
74. Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?  anchoring bias
75. William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies’ perception?  halo effect
76. With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve?  seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient
77. With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations?  Distinctiveness
78. Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.  TRUE
79. You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________.  selective perception

Other Links:

Statistics Quiz

Networking Quiz

See other websites for quiz:

Check on QUIZLET

Check on CHEGG