1. ​In a data dictionary, _____ is the maximum number of characters for an alphabetic or character data element or the maximum number of digits and number of decimal positions for a numeric data element.   ​Length
2. ​Structured English might look familiar to programming students because it resembles _____, which is used in program design.  Pseudocode
3. ​The data dictionary usually records and describes a default value, which is the _____.  value for the data element if a value otherwise is not entered for it
4. _ maintains consistency among data flow diagrams (DFDs) by ensuring that input and output data flows align properly.  Balancing
5. ___ is the process of drawing a series of increasingly detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs), until all functional primitives are identified.  Leveling
6. ____ is based on combinations of the three logical structures, or control structures (one of which is shown in the accompanying figure), which serve as building blocks for the process.   Modular design
7. A _____ documents the details of a functional primitive, which represents a specific set of processing steps and business logic.    process description
8. A _____ is a central storehouse of information about a system’s data.​   data repository
9. A _____ is a graphical representation of the conditions, actions, and rules found in a decision table.  decision tree
10. A _____ is logically impossible in a data flow diagram (DFD) because a process must act on input, shown by an incoming data flow, and produce output, represented by an outgoing data flow.   black hole
11. A _____ shows a logical structure, with all possible combinations of conditions and resulting actions. decision table
12. A _____ shows how data acts through an information system but does not show program logic or processing steps.  data flow diagram
13. A data flow diagram (DFD) shows _____.  how a system transforms input data into useful information
14. A data structure that contains a set of related data elements that are stored and processed together   Record
15. A set of Data flow diagrams (DFDs) that produces a logical model of the system, but the details within those DFDs are documented separately in a data dictionary, which is the second component of this   Structured analysis
16. Among the symbols in the accompanying figure, a _____ is a path for data to move from one part of the information system to another.  data flow
17. Among the symbols in the accompanying figure, a _____ is used to represent data that a system stores because one or more processes need to use the data at a later time.    ​data store
18. Among the symbols in the accompanying figure, a _____ receives input data and produces output that has a different content, form, or both.   Process
19. An analyst starts with an overall view, which is a context diagram with a single process symbol   Leveling
20. Balancing _____.   ​ensures that the input and output data flows of the parent data flow diagram (DFD) are maintained on the child data flow diagram (DFD)
21. By showing processes as _____, an analyst can create data flow diagrams (DFDs) that show how the system functions but avoid unnecessary detail and clutter.  black boxes
22. Can have more than two possible outcomes in addition to multiple conditions   Decision table
23. Data flow diagram (DFD) component that represents one or more data items   Data flow
24. Data flow diagram (DFD) entities are also called _____ because they are data origins or final data destinations.   ​Terminators
25. Decision trees show the logic structure in a _____.   horizontal form that resembles a tree with the roots at the left and the branches to the right
26. Describes how a system will be constructed   Physical model
27. Documentation of all data flows along with documenting each data element   Data dictionary
28. Ensures that the input and output data flows of the parent DFD are maintained on the child DFD   Balancing
29. If processes must be performed in a specific sequence, the information should be documented in the _____    process descriptions
30. In a data dictionary, _____ refers to whether the data element contains numeric, alphabetic, or character values.   ​Type
31. In a data dictionary, a(n) _____ is the smallest piece of data that has meaning within an information system.   ​Field
32. In a data dictionary, any name other than the standard data element name is called a(n) _____.  Alias
33. In a data dictionary, data elements are combined into _____ that are meaningful combinations of data elements that are included in data flows or retained in data stores.  ​Records
34. In a data dictionary, some data elements have _____ rules. For example, an employee’s salary must be within the range defined for the employee’s job classification.  Validity
35. In a data flow diagram (DFD), a black hole is a process that has _____.   no output
36. In a data flow diagram (DFD), a spontaneous generation process is a process that has _____.   no input
37. In a data flow diagram (DFD), the Gane and Sarson symbol for a data flow is a _____.  ​line with a single or double arrowhead
38. In a data flow diagram (DFD), the Gane and Sarson symbol for a data store is a ___    ​flat rectangle that is open on the right side and closed on the left side
39. In a data flow diagram (DFD), the Gane and Sarson symbol for a process is a ____  ​rectangle with rounded corners
40. In a data flow diagram (DFD), the Gane and Sarson symbol for an entity is a ____.  rectangle, which may be shaded to make it look three-dimensional
41. In addition to the Gane and Sarson symbol set, another popular symbol set is   Yourdon
42. In data and process modeling, a(n) _____ shows what the system must do, regardless of how it will be implemented physically.  ​logical model
43. In data flow diagrams (DFDs), a process resembles a _____, where the inputs, outputs, and general functions of the process are known, but the underlying details are not shown.   black box
44. In modular design, _____ also is called looping.   Iteration
45. In the accompanying figure, the sequence structure is the completion of _____.  ​steps in a chronological order, one after another
46. Leveling _____.      uses a series of increasingly detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs) to describe an information system
47. Many analysts follow _____, which means that they develop a physical model of the current system, a logical model of the current system, a logical model of the new system, and a physical model of the new system.    a four-model approach
48. n a data flow diagram (DFD), a gray hole is a process that has _____.  at least one input and one output, but the input obviously is insufficient to generate the output shown
49. Nathan is an expert on all of the different kinds of process description tools. So, when his colleagues have questions, they know where to turn.
    
    One of the firm’s trainee analysts is working on a financial process that will continue to print vendor payments until it reaches the end of the file. Which of the following processes will Nathan suggest the analyst to use?   ​Iteration
50. Nathan is an expert on all of the different kinds of process description tools. So, when his colleagues have questions, they know where to turn.
    
    ​Another of the firm’s analysts is unable to figure out what is wrong with some structured English he has been using to describe the processing logic. Nathan walks over and spots the problem in an instant. Which of the following can Nathan identify as the problem?  ​The structured English is not using a sequence, selection, or iteration structure
51. Shows how a system transforms input data into useful information   Data flow diagram (DFD)
52. Shows what the system must do, regardless of how it will be implemented    Logical model
53. Since diagram 0 is a(n) _____ version of process 0, it shows considerably more detail than a context diagram.   ​Exploded
54. The analysts at Techno InfoSystems are considering the four-model approach to system development for a new client.
    
    ​Which of the following is a benefit if they use the four-model approach?   ​It will provide a clear picture of current system functions before any modifications or improvements are made.
55. The analysts at Techno InfoSystems are considering the four-model approach to system development for a new client.
    
    ​If they make use of the four-model approach, which of the following is a likely outcome?    ​Time taken to develop the model increases.
56. The disadvantage of the four-model approach is that ____.   additional time and cost are required to develop a logical and physical model of the current system
57. The iteration structure is the completion of _____.   ​a process step that is repeated until a specific condition changes
58. The major benefit of _____ is that it gives a clear picture of current system functions before any modifications or improvements are made.   the four-model approach
59. The selection structure is the completion of ___     one or more process steps based on the results of a test or condition
60. Typical process description tools include _____.  ​decision trees
61. Using _____, an analyst starts with an overall view, which is a context diagram with a single process symbol, and then the analyst creates diagram 0, which shows more detail.   Leveling
62. Which of the following provides a report of all data flows and data stores that use a particular data element?  Data dictionaries

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