1. _ data exist in the format in which they were collected.   Unstructured
2. _ is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts.   Information
3. __ data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information.  Unstructured
4. __ serve as the intermediary between the user and the database.  DBMSs
5. ___ provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.  Metadata
6. ____ are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.  Structured data
7. ____ is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning.   Information
8. ____ refer to a type of database that stores most of its data in RAM rather than in hard disks.  In-memory databases
9. _____ exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places.   Data inconsistency
10. _____ is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions.  Data integrity
11. _____ is the body of information and facts about a specific subject.  Knowledge
12. _____ relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.  Performance tuning
13. ______ exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.  Data inconsistency
14. ______ is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed.   Metadata
15. ______ relates to activities that make a database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.   Performance tuning
16. _______ databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions.  Analytical
17. _______ exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting an application program’s ability to access data.  Data independence
18. _______ exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places.   Data redundancy
19. _______ is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format.   Extensible Markup Language (XML)
20. A _____ contains at least all of the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system   data dictionary
21. A _____ is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning.  Field
22. A _____ is a collection of related records.  File
23. A _____ is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.  Record
24. A data model is usually graphical.   True
25. A data warehouse can store data derived from many sources.  True
26. A desktop database is a _____ database.     single-user
27. A workgroup database is a(n) _____ database.  Multiuser
28. A(n) _____ database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization.   Workgroup
29. A(n) _____ might be written by a programmer or it might be created through a DBMS utility program.  Application
30. A(n) ______ database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments.  Enterprise
31. A(n) _______ represents a particular type of object in the real world.  Entity
32. A(n) ________ develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully.     data anomaly
33. A(n) ________ is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.   database management system
34. A(n) ________ is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation.  Query
35. A(n) ________ is a spur-of-the-moment question.   ad hoc query
36. Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to____   good decision making
37. An advantage of database systems is that you needn’t perform frequent updates and apply latest patches.  False
38. An operational database is sometimes referred to as an enterprise database.  False
39. An XML database supports the storage and management of _____ XML data.  Semistructured
40. Corporations use only structured data.   False
41. Data and information are essentially the same thing.  False
42. Data anomaly is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions   False
43. Data constitute the building blocks of information.  True
44. Data is said to be verifiable if_____   the data always yields consistent results.
45. Data is the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning.   False
46. Data processing can be as simple as organizing data to reveal pattern   True
47. Data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the_____.  operational databases
48. Database programming languages receive all application requests and translate them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests.  False
49. End-user data is ______.   raw facts of interest to the end user
50. Even when a good database blueprint is available, an applications programmer’s view of the data should match that of the manager and the end user.  False
51. Field refers to a collection of related records.   False
52. In object oriented terms, a(n) ________ defines an object’s behavior.  Method
53. Information is produced by processing ________ .  data
54. Metadata describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database.  True
55. Most data that can be encountered are best classified as _____ .   semistructured
56. One advantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is that the database system is considerably less complex.  False
57. One disadvantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is increased costs.   True
58. One disadvantage of the DBMS is that it increases the risk of data security breaches.  False
59. One of the limitations of the _______ model is that there is a lack of standards.  Hierarchical
60. Raw data must be properly ________ for storage, processing and presentation.  Formatted
61. Structural dependence exists when it is possible to make changes in the file structure without affecting the application program’s ability to access the data.  False
62. The _______ model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tool to examine structures rather than describing them with text.   entity relationship
63. The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a ______.   collection of files
64. The DBMS reveals much of the database’s internal complexity to the application programs and users.   False
65. The DBMS uses the ________ to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program.   data dictionary
66. The only way to access the data in a database is through the DBMS.   True
67. The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by _____   its expected use
68. The response of the DBMS to a query is the ______.  query result set
69. The same data might be simultaneously structured and unstructured depending on the intended processing.  True
70. The term _____ refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment.   database system
71. The term ________ refers to scattered locations storing the same basic data.  islands of information
72. To reveal meaning, information requires ________ .  context
73. What enhances the user’s ability to understand data?  spreadsheet applications
74. What refers to the situation where the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places?   Data redundancy
75. _______ are normally expressed in the form of rules. Constraints
76. What type of HDFS nodes stores all the metadata about a file system? Name node
77. MySQL is an example of the _______. relational data model
78. The _______ data model is said to be a semantic data model. object-oriented
79. A(n) ________ is a relatively simple representation of more complex real-world data structures. data model
80. The _______ model uses the term connectivity to label the relationship types. entity relationship
81. The hierarchical model is software-independent. False
82. In an SQL-based relational database, each table is dependent on every other table. False
83. A disadvantage of the relational database management system (RDBMS) is its inability to hide the complexities of the relational model from the user. False
84. Character data can contain any character or symbol intended for mathematical manipulation. False
85. In the _______ model, the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships, where each record can have more than one parent. network
86. In an SQL-based relational database, rows in different tables are related based on common values in common attributes. True
87. A(n) ________ defines the environment in which data can be managed and is used to work with the data in the database. data manipulation language (DML)
88. NoSQL are not based on the relational model. True
89. A(n) ________ is a brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organization. business rule
90. Each table in a relational database must have a primary key. True
91. An implementation-ready data model needn’t necessarily contain enforceable rules to guarantee the integrity of the data. False
92. NoSQL databases provide ___ fault tolerance
93. A(n) _______ is a restriction placed on the data. constraint
94. Each row in a relation is called a(n) ________ . tuple
95. From a database point of view, the collection of data becomes meaningful only when it reflects properly defined _______ . business rules
96. Database designers determine the data and information that yield the required understanding of the entire business. False
    

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