1.Incidence rate (IR) of the exposed group (divided by) Incidence rate (IR) of the unexposed group. This is the calculation for what statistic?
A) Relative risk
2.This type of study does not answer questions regarding causation or whether one risk factor led to the development of the disease, rather it is used to generate new hypotheses rather than to prove existing hypotheses. It is called a:
A) Prevalence or cross-sectional study
3.A study by Tierney et al. 2015 in which researchers restricted access to providers from an urban health system’s EHR information, based on patient preferences, was conducted in one clinic setting. Patients could choose to allow or restrict providers’ access to medications, diagnoses, results and reports or only sensitive data such as STDs, HIV, drugs, alcohol use, behavioral health information, and so on. Providers were followed over time to study what occurred when these restrictions to patient information were made. This type of study design is called:
A) Prospective
4.If similar associations have demonstrated causality, the more likely this association is probably causal. This is called:
A) Analogy
5.The chronic disease model is quite like the infectious disease model except that it focuses on the fact that the host may have several __________ that can lead to disease.
A) Risk factors
6.The goal of the Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention trial sponsored by the National Institute of Aging was to determine if estrogen use can prevent memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease in women with a family history of Alzheimer’s disease. What specific type of clinical trial is this?
A) Prevention trial
7.A large deer population can increase the chance of contracting Lyme disease, while open water can breed mosquitoes and increase the chance of contracting West Nile or the Zika virus. These are examples of which factor?
A) Environment
8.This type of study determined whether physician offices located in high-minority and low-income neighborhoods in southern California have different levels of access to information technology than offices located in lower-minority and higher-income areas. What type of study was performed?
A) Cross-sectional or prevalence study
9.These types of studies are important within health informatics because much of what is done in this area is new and emerging and needs a basic assessment of many of the components of health informatics to move the field forward. They are called:
A) Prevalence studies
10.Epidemiology began by studying ____________ to determine what caused them and how they could be controlled and prevented.
A) Epidemics
11.Which of the following examines the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations, and the factors that influence these patterns in relation to time, place, and persons?
A) Epidemiology
12.This is a useful statistic that can be used in conjunction with the case-control study design because it quantifies the differences in exposure for the cases vs. the controls. It is called:
A) Odds ratio
13.These statistics provide a value that states whether the levels of agreement seen across abstractors are real or due to chance. Values >0.60 show good agreement. It is called:
A) Kappa statistics
14.The researcher chooses the cases—those individuals who have the disease and compares them to the controls—those without the disease, to determine if the independent variable is more prominent in the cases than in the controls. This is done by looking back in time. Another name for this study is called:
A) Retrospective study
15.Recall bias is a problem with which study design.
A) Case-control study
16.These rates refer to measures of validity when assessing correct measurement or correct labeling. They are called:
A) Sensitivity and specificity rates
17.For the clinical or community trial to be objective, study participants may not know to which group (intervention or control) they are assigned. This is called:
A) Blinding or masking
18.Vinogradova, Coupland, and Hippisley-Cox (2014, 2015) used which design to examine the relationship between oral contraceptives and the risk of VTE.
A) Case-control study design
19.This model demonstrates how disease is influenced by three factors: the agent, the host and the environment. It is called the:
A) Infectious disease model
20.If the odds ratio for a study equals 1, what does this mean when assessing use of sun exposure and melanoma.
A) It means that the risk for melanoma is equal for the cases and controls and that sun exposure is not a risk factor for melanoma.