1. __ data refer to data whose values change over time and for which one must keep a history of the data changes.  Time-variant
2. __ databases reflect the ever-growing demand for greater scope and depth in the data on which decision support systems increasingly rely.  Data warehouse
3. ___ exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places.  Data inconsistency
4. ___ expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity.   Cardinality
5. ____ are especially useful when you are trying to determine what values in related tables cause referential integrity problems.  Outer joins
6. _____ are important because they help to ensure data integrity.  Constraints
7. ______ , also known as RESTRICT, yields values for all rows found in a table that satisfy a given condition.  SELECT
8. ____relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.  Performance tuning
9. A __ derives its name from the fact that a collection of multiple entries of the same type can exist for any single key attribute occurrence.  repeating group
10. A __ is any key that uniquely identifies each row.  Superkey
11. A __ key is a real-world, generally accepted identifier used to uniquely identify realworld objects.   Natural
12. A ____ is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.  Record
13. A data warehouse can store data derived from many sources.  True
14. A dependency of one nonprime attribute on another nonprime attribute is a partial dependency.  False
15. A disadvantage of the relational database management system (RDBMS) is its inability to hide the complexities of the relational model from the user.  False
16. A specialization hierarchy can have ____ level(s) of supertype/subtype relationships.  Many
17. A table is in BCNF if every determinant in the table is a foreign key.  False
18. A table that displays data redundancies yields ___.  Anomalies
19. A table that is in 2NF and contains no transitive dependencies is said to be in ___   3NF
20. A table where every determinant is a candidate key is said to be in ____.  BCNF
21. A verb associating two nouns in a business rule translates to a(n) __ in the data model.  Relationship
22. A(n) __ is an orderly arrangement used to logically access rows in a table.  Index
23. A(n) __ is anything about which data are to be collected and stored   entity
24. A(n) __ is the set of possible values for a given attribute   domain
25. A(n) ___ is the equivalent of a field in a file system.  Attribute
26. According to the “preferably single-attribute” characteristic of a primary key, the primary key:  should have the minimum number of attributes possible.
27. An attribute that is part of a key is known as a(n) ____ attribute.   Prime
28. As rare as 1:1 relationships should be, certain conditions absolutely require their use.  True
29. At the implementation level, the supertype and its subtype(s) depicted in a specialization hierarchy maintain a(n) ____ relationship.   1:1
30. At the implementation level, the supertype and its subtype(s) depicted in the specialization hierarchy maintain a 1:1 relationship.   True
31. Atomic attributes are attributes that can be further subdivided.   False
32. Character data can contain any character or symbol intended for mathematical manipulation.  False
33. Composite primary keys are particularly useful as identifiers of composite entities, where each primary key combination is allowed only once in the __ relationship.  M:N
34. Data is said to be verifiable if:  the data always yields consistent results.
35. Data is the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning.  False
36. Database designers determine the data and information that yield the required understanding of the entire business.   False
37. Date attributes contain calendar dates stored in a special format known as the ____ date format.  Julian
38. Each table ____ represents an attribute.  Column
39. From a structural point of view, 2NF is better than   1NF
40. From a structural point of view, 3NF is better than _____.  2NF
41. If a table has multiple candidate keys and one of those candidate keys is a composite key, the table can have __ based on this composite candidate key even when the primary key chosen is a single attribute.  partial dependencies
42. If an employee within an EMPLOYEE entity has a relationship with itself, that relationship is known as a __ relationship. Recursive
43. In an SQL-based relational database, each table is dependent on every other table.  False
44. In Chen notation, entities and relationships have to be oriented horizontally; not vertically.  False
45. In Chen notation, there is no way to represent cardinality.  False
46. In order to meet performance requirements, portions of the database design may need to be occasionally denormalized.  True
47. In specialization hierarchies with multiple levels of supertype and subtypes, a lowerlevel subtype can inherit only a few of the attributes and relationships from its upperlevel supertypes.  False
48. In the __ model, the basic logical structure is represented as an upside-down tree.  Hierarchical
49. In the entity relationship diagram (ERD), cardinality is indicated using the __ notation, where max is the maximum number of associated entities and min represents the minimum number of associated entities.  (min, max)
50. In the original Chen notation, each attribute is represented by an oval with the attribute name connected to an entity rectangle with a line.   True
51. keys work with primary keys to properly implement relationships in the relational model.  Foreign
52. Normalization represents a micro view of the entities within the ERD.  True
53. One important inheritance characteristic is that all entity subtypes inherit their ____ key attribute from their supertype.   Primary
54. Relationships between entities always operate in one direction.   False
55. Repeating groups must be eliminated by ensuring that each row defines a single entity.  True
56. Specialization is the top-down process of identifying lower-level, more specific entity subtypes from a higher-level entity supertype.  True
57. Students and classes have a ____ relationship.  many-to-many
58. The __ is actually a system-created database whose tables store the user/designercreated database characteristics and contents.  system catalog
59. The __ model is the end users’ view of the data environment.   External
60. The _____ model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tool to examine structures rather than describing them with text.  entity relationship
61. The combination of normalization and ER modeling yields a useful ERO, whose
    entities can be translated into appropriate relationship structures.   False
62. The completeness constraint can be partial or total.  True
63. The conceptual model can handle ____ relationships and multivalued attributes.  M:N
64. The Crow’s Foot notation is less implementation-oriented than the Chen notation.  False
65. The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a _____.  collection of files
66. The decision to store __ attributes in database tables depends on the processing requirements and the constraints placed on a particular application.  Derived
67. The default comparison condition for the subtype discriminator attribute is the ____ comparison.   Equality
68. The first step in building an entity-relationship diagram (ERO) is _   creating a detailed narrative of the organization’s description of operations
69. The function of the primary key is to describe an entity.   False
70. The most likely data type for a surrogate key is __   numeric
71. The objective of normalization is to ensure that each table conforms to the concept of well-formed relations.   True
72. The object-oriented data model was developed in the ___   1980s
73. The only way to access the data in a database is through the DBMS.  True
74. The practical significance of taking the logical view of a database is that it serves as a reminder of the simple file concept of data storage.  True
75. The relational data model was developed in the ___   1970s
76. The relationships depicted within the specialization hierarchy are sometimes described in terms of “is-a” relationships.  True
77. The SELECT operator yields a vertical subset of a table.  False
78. The” __ ” characteristic of a primary key states that the primary key must uniquely identify each entity instance, must be able to guarantee unique values, and must not contain nulls.   unique values
79. The” __ ” characteristic of a primary key states that the selected primary key must not be composed of any attribute(s) that might be considered a violation.  security-compliant
80. To generate a surrogate key, Microsoft Access uses a(n) __ data type.  AutoNumber
81. To implement a small database, a database designer must know the “1” and the “M” sides of each relationship and whether the relationships are mandatory or optional.   True
82. To simplify the conceptual design, most higher-order relationships are decomposed into appropriate equivalent __ relationships whenever possible.  Binary
83. When designing a database, you should ____.   make sure that entities are in normal form before table structures are created
84. When selecting a foreign key placement for a 1:1 relationship, place the PK of the entity on the mandatory side in the entity on the optional side as a FK, and make the FK mandatory when   one side is mandatory and the other side is optional
85. When using the Crow’s Foot notation, the associative entity is indicated by __ relationship lines between the parents and the associative entity   solid
86. Which of the following is a specialization hierarchy overlapping constraint scenario in case of partial completeness?   Supertype has optional subtypes.
87. Which of the following is true of spreadsheet applications?  They enhance the user’s ability to understand the data.
88. Which of the following types of HDFS nodes stores all the metadata about a file system?  Name node
89. Within a specialization hierarchy, every subtype can have __ supertype{s) to which it is directly related.  only one
90. Within the database environment, a data m1odel represents data structures with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain.  True

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