1.The difference between the lower class limits of adjacent classes provides the
| a. class width. |
| b. number of classes. |
| c. class limits. |
| d. class midpoint. |
2. Suppose the growth chart at a pediatrician’s office is not hung correctly such that it measures children two inches taller than their actual height. If the heights of 10 children are recorded, which of the following is a true statement?
| a. The measurements of the heights that were recorded represent a data acquisition error. |
| b. The children will systematically be two inches shorter. |
| c. The measurements of the heights that were recorded will be qualitative. |
| d. The heights will be exactly the same for each child |
3. The summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical, are referred to as
| a. data analytics. |
| b. descriptive statistics. |
| c. statistical inference. |
| d. inferential statistics. |
4. A population is
| a. the collection of all items of interest in a particular study. |
| b. the selection of a random sample. |
| c. always the same size as the sample. |
| d. the same as a sample |
5. In a questionnaire, respondents are asked to mark their gender as male or female. Gender is an example of a(n)
| a. categorical variable. |
| b. quantitative variable. |
| c. interval-scale variable. |
| d. ordinal-scale variable. |
6. Income is an example of a variable that uses the
| a. ordinal scale. |
| b. nominal scale. |
| c. interval scale. |
| d. ratio scale. |
7. Simulation, which is the use of probability and statistical computer models to better understand risk, falls under the category of
| a. prescriptive analytics. |
| b. predictive analytics. |
| c. descriptive analytics. |
| d. diagnostic analytics. |
8. Which of the following variables uses the interval scale of measurement?
| a. Time duration |
| b. Standardized test score |
| c. Vehicle miles-per-gallon |
| d. Student ID number |
9. The set of measurements collected for a particular element are called
| a. observations. |
| b. populations. |
| c. samples. |
| d. variables. |
10. In a sample of 400 students in a university, 80 or 20% are Business majors. Based on the above information, the school’s paper reported that “20% of all the students at the university are Business majors.” This report is an example of
| a. descriptive statistics. |
| b. a sample. |
| c. a population. |
| d. statistical inference. |
11. Which of the following defines the term “statistics”?
| a. Statistics is the art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data. |
| b. Statistics are used only in sports to calculate “stats” for teams and players such as average rushing yards. |
| c. Statistics refers only to the calculation of numbers, such as a mean. |
| d. Statistics are rarely useful and informative. |
12. A graphical presentation of the relationship between two quantitative variables is
| a. stem-and-leaf display. |
| b. dot plot. |
| c. histogram. |
| d. scatter diagram. |
13. The most common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a
| a. pie chart. |
| b. bar chart. |
| c. histogram. |
| d. stem and leaf display. |
14. The total number of data items with a value less than the upper limit for the class is given by the
| a. cumulative frequency distribution. |
| b. cumulative relative frequency distribution. |
| c. frequency distribution. |
| d. relative frequency distribution. |
15. A sample of 15 children shows their favorite restaurants:
| McDonalds | Luppi’s | Mellow Mushroom |
| Friday’s | McDonalds | McDonalds |
| Pizza Hut | Taco Bell | McDonalds |
| Mellow Mushroom | Luppi’s | Pizza Hut |
| McDonalds | Friday’s | McDonalds |
Which of the following is the correct percent frequency for McDonalds?
| a. 2% |
| b. 27% |
| c. 40% |
| d. 10% |
16. When the conclusions based upon the unaggregated data can be completely reversed if we look at the aggregated crosstabulation, the occurrence is known as
| a. Simpson’s paradox. |
| b. Pareto’s rule. |
| c. Negative correlation. |
| d. Reverse correlation. |
17. Data that indicate how much or how many are known as
| a. cumulative data. |
| b. relative data. |
| c. categorical data. |
| d. quantitative data. |
18. In quality control applications, bar charts are used to identify the most important causes of problems. When the bars are arranged in descending order of height from left to right with the most frequently occurring cause appearing first, the bar chart is called a
| a. Simpson,s chart. |
| b. Cause-and-effect diagram. |
| c. Stacked bar chart. |
| d. Pareto diagram. |
19. Which of the following is least useful in making comparisons or showing the relationships of two variables?
| a. Stacked bar chart |
| b. Scatter diagram |
| c. Stem-and-leaf display |
| d. Crosstabulation |
20. A sample of 15 children shows their favorite restaurants:
| McDonalds | Luppi’s | Mellow Mushroom |
| Friday’s | McDonalds | McDonalds |
| Pizza Hut | Taco Bell | McDonalds |
| Mellow Mushroom | Luppi’s | Pizza Hut |
| McDonalds | Friday’s | McDonalds |
Which of the following is the correct relative frequency for McDonalds?
| a. .27 |
| b. .5 |
| c. .6 |
| d. .4 |
21. The numbers of hours worked (per week) by 400 statistics students are shown below.
| Number of hours | Frequency |
| 0 – 9 | 20 |
| 10 – 19 | 80 |
| 20 – 29 | 200 |
| 30 – 39 | 100 |
The class width used in this frequency distribution is
| a. 39. |
| b. 10. |
| c. 9. |
| d. 4.5. |
22. The measure of dispersion which is not measured in the same units as the original data is the
| a. standard deviation. |
| b. variance. |
| c. median. |
| d. coefficient of determination. |
23. During a cold winter, the temperature stayed below zero for ten days (ranging from -20 to -5). The variance of the temperatures of the ten-day period
| a. can be either negative or positive. |
| b. must be at least zero. |
| c. is negative since all the numbers are negative. |
| d. cannot be computed since all the numbers are negative. |
24. An unusually small or unusually large data value is called
| a. a variable. |
| b. a deviation. |
| c. an outlier. |
| d. correlation coefficient. |
25. Which of the following symbols represents the standard deviation of the population?
| a. σ2 |
| b. μ |
| c. x̄ |
| d. σ |
26. The median of a sample will always equal the
| a. 50th percentile. |
| b. (smallest value + largest value)/2. |
| c. (Q1 + Q3)/2. |
| d. Q4/2. |
27. Given the following information:
Standard deviation = 8
Coefficient of variation = 64%
The mean would then be
| a. 1.25. |
| b. 8. |
| c. 12.5. |
| d. 0.64. |
28. The closing stock price of MNM Corporation for the last 7 trading days is shown below.
| Day | Stock Price |
| 1 | 84 |
| 2 | 87 |
| 3 | 84 |
| 4 | 88 |
| 5 | 85 |
| 6 | 90 |
| 7 | 91 |
The variance is
| a. 8. |
| b. 81. |
| c. 9. |
| d. 2.828. |
29. When n-1 is used in the denominator to compute variance,
| a. the data set is a population. |
| b. the data set could be either a sample or a population. |
| c. the data set is a sample. |
| d. the data set is from a census. |
30. Which of the following is a possible reason for an outlier in a data set?
| a. A mistake was made while taking a measurement or entering it into the computer. |
| b. The individual in question belongs to a different group than the bulk of individuals measured. |
| c. The outlier is a legitimate data value and represents natural variability for the group and variables measured. |
| d. All of these choices are possible reasons for an outlier. |
31.A researcher has collected the following sample data.
| 5 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 5 |
| 6 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 4 |
The 75th percentile is
| a. 7.5. |
| b. 7. |
| c. 9. |
| d. 8. |
32. The sample size
| a. is always smaller than the population size. |
| b. can be larger or smaller than the population size. |
| c. is always equal to the size of the population. |
| d. can be larger than the population size. |
33. Local residents were surveyed for their satisfaction with the local government. The responses were recorded as follows: 0-not satisfied, 1-somewhat dissatisfied, 2-satisfied, 3-very satisfied. The variable recorded is an example of what type of variable?
| a. Variable measured on the ordinal scale |
| b. Quantitative variable |
| c. Variable measured on the interval scale |
| d. Variable measured on the ratio scale |
34. Different methods of developing useful information from large data bases are dealt with under
| a. big data. |
| b. data warehousing. |
| c. data mining. |
| d. data manipulation. |
35. all the properties of data measured on
| a. nominal and interval scales. |
| b. ratio scale. |
| c. nominal scale. |
| d. interval scale. |
36. A characteristic of interest for the elements is called a
| a. sample. |
| b. variable. |
| c. data set. |
| d. quality. |
37. The height of a building, measured in feet, is an example of
| a. feet data. |
| b. quantitative data. |
| c. either categorical or quantitative data. |
| d. categorical data. |
38. In experimental studies, the variable of interest
| a. must be numerical. |
| b. is not controlled. |
| c. cannot be numerical. |
| d. is controlled. |
39. In a questionnaire, respondents are asked to mark their gender as male or female. The scale of measurement for gender is
| a. ratio scale. |
| b. nominal scale. |
| c. ordinal scale. |
| d. interval scale |
40. Data collected over several time periods are
| a. time controlled data. |
| b. cross-sectional data. |
| c. categorical data. |
| d. time series data. |
41. Data collected at the same, or approximately the same point in time are
| a. time series data. |
| b. approximate time series data. |
| c. cross-sectional data. |
| d. approximate data. |
42. If a negative relationship exists between two variables, x and y, which of the following statements is true?
| a. As x decreases, y decreases. |
| b. As x increases, y increases. |
| c. As x decreases, y stays the same. |
| d. As x increases, y decreases. |
43. In a cumulative percent frequency distribution, the last class will have a cumulative percent frequency equal to
| a. the total number of elements in the data set. |
| b. one. |
| c. 100. |
| d. None of these alternatives are correct. |
44. The percent frequency of a class is computed by
| a. dividing the relative frequency by 100. |
| b. adding 100 to the relative frequency. |
| c. multiplying the relative frequency by 100. |
| d. multiplying the relative frequency by 10 |
45. Which of the following is a graphical summary of a set of data in which each data value is represented by a dot above the axis?
| a. Crosstabulation |
| b. Histogram |
| c. Box plot |
| d. Dot plot |
46. Data that provide labels or names for categories of like items are known as
| a. label data. |
| b. category data. |
| c. categorical data. |
| d. quantitative data. |
47. In quality control applications, bar charts are used to identify the most important causes of problems. When the bars are arranged in descending order of height from left to right with the most frequently occurring cause appearing first, the bar chart is called a
| a. Simpson,s chart. |
| b. Pareto diagram. |
| c. Stacked bar chart. |
| d. Cause-and-effect diagram. |
48. A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the
| a. percentage of items in several classes. |
| b. relative percentage of items in several classes. |
| c. number of items in several classes. |
| d. fraction of items in several classes |
49. Consider the following graphical summary.
This is an example of a _____.
| a. percent frequency distribution |
| b. relative frequency distribution |
| c. bar chart |
| d. pie chart |
50. A survey of 800 college seniors resulted in the following crosstabulation regarding their undergraduate major and whether or not they plan to go to graduate school.
| Undergraduate Major | ||||
| Graduate School | Business | Engineering | Others | Total |
| Yes | 70 | 84 | 126 | 280 |
| No | 182 | 208 | 130 | 520 |
| Total | 252 | 292 | 256 | 800 |
Of those students who are planning on going to graduate school, what percentage are majoring in engineering?
| a. 10.5 |
| b. 30.0 |
| c. 40.4 |
| d. 28.8 |
51. For stem-and-leaf displays where the leaf unit is not stated, the leaf unit is assumed to equal
| a. 1. |
| b. 10. |
| c. 0. |
| d. -1. |
52. The variance of the sample
| a. cannot be zero. |
| b. can never be negative. |
| c. can be negative. |
| d. cannot be less than one. |
53. Statements about the proportion of data values that must be within a specified number of standard deviations of the mean can be made using
| a. Chebyshev’s theorem. |
| b. A five-number summary. |
| c. Percentiles. |
| d. The empirical rule |
54.Which of the following symbols represents the variance of the population?
| a. μ |
| b. σ2 |
| c. x̄ |
| d. σ |
55. The geometric mean of 2, 4, 8 is
| a. 4.67. |
| b. 16. |
| c. 5.0. |
| d. 4.0. |
56. Suppose a sample of 45 measurements gave a data set with a range of –8 to –22. The standard deviation of the measurements
| a. is negative since all the numbers are negative. |
| b. cannot be computed since all the numbers are negative. |
| c. can be either negative or positive. |
| d. must be at least zero. |
57.Using the following data set of monthly rainfall amounts recorded for 10 randomly selected months in a two-year period, what is the five-number summary?
Sample data (in inches): 2, 8, 5, 0, 1, 5, 7, 5, 2, .5
| a. 2, 5, 5, 5, .5 |
| b. .5, 2, 5, 7, 8 |
| c. 0, 1, 5, 5, 8 |
| d. 0, 1, 3.5, 5, 8 |
58. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the
| a. range. |
| b. interquartile range. |
| c. variance. |
| d. coefficient of variation. |
59. In computing the mean of a sample, the value of ∑xi is divided by
| a. n + 1. |
| b. n – 2. |
| c. n. |
| d. n – 1. |
60. The 75th percentile is referred to as the
| a. third quartile. |
| b. second quartile. |
| c. first quartile. |
| d. fourth quartile. |
71. The measure of variability easiest to compute, but seldom used as the only measure, is the
| a. range. |
| b. standard deviation. |
| c. variance. |
| d. interquartile range. |
72. Temperature is an example of a variable that uses
| a. the ordinal scale. |
| b. the interval scale. |
| c. either the ratio or the ordinal scale. |
| d. the ratio scale. |
73. Arithmetic operations are inappropriate for
| a. both categorical and quantitative data. |
| b. large data sets. |
| c. quantitative data. |
| d. categorical data. |
74. Dr. Kurt Thearling, a leading practitioner in the field, defines data mining as “the _________ extraction of _________ information from databases”.
| a. timely, accurate |
| b. automated, predictive |
| c. intentional, useful |
| d. thorough, insightful |
75. In a sample of 1,600 registered voters, 912 or 57% approve of the way the President is doing his job. A political pollster estimates: “Fifty-seven percent of all voters approve of the President.” This statement is an example of
| a. a sample. |
| b. statistical inference. |
| c. descriptive statistics. |
| d. a population. |
76. Income is an example of
| a. nominal data. |
| b. categorical data. |
| c. quantitative data. |
| d. either categorical or quantitative data. |
77. On a street, the houses are numbered from 300 to 450. The house numbers are examples of
| a. quantitative data. |
| b. categorical data. |
| c. both quantitative and categorical data. |
| d. neither quantitative nor categorical data. |
78. The summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical, are referred to as
| a. statistical inference. |
| b. data analytics. |
| c. descriptive statistics. |
| d. inferential statistics. |
79. Local residents were surveyed for their satisfaction with the local government. The responses were recorded as follows: 0-not satisfied, 1-somewhat dissatisfied, 2-satisfied, 3-very satisfied. The variable recorded is an example of what type of variable?
| a. Variable measured on the ratio scale |
| b. Variable measured on the interval scale |
| c. Quantitative variable |
| d. Variable measured on the ordinal scale |
80. For ease of data entry into a university database, 1 denotes that the student is an undergraduate and 2 indicates that the student is a graduate student. In this case data are
| a. categorical. |
| b. either categorical or quantitative. |
| c. neither categorical nor quantitative. |
| d. quantitative. |
81. Ordinary arithmetic operations are meaningful
| a. only with quantitative data. |
| b. only with categorical data. |
| c. with neither quantitative or categorical data. |
| d. either with quantitative or categorical data. |
82. A sample of 15 children shows their favorite restaurants:
| McDonalds | Luppi’s | Mellow Mushroom |
| Friday’s | McDonalds | McDonalds |
| Pizza Hut | Taco Bell | McDonalds |
| Mellow Mushroom | Luppi’s | Pizza Hut |
| McDonalds | Friday’s | McDonalds |
83.Which of the following is the correct frequency distribution?
| a. McDonalds 4, Friday’s 3, Pizza Hut 1, Mellow Mushroom 4, Luppi’s 3, Taco Bell 1 |
| b. McDonalds 6, Friday’s 2, Pizza Hut 2, Mellow Mushroom 2, Luppi’s 2, Taco Bell 1 |
| c. McDonalds 6, Friday’s 1, Pizza Hut 3, Mellow Mushroom 1, Luppi’s 2, Taco Bell 2 |
| d. None of these alternatives are correct. |
84.In a cumulative percent frequency distribution, the last class will have a cumulative percent frequency equal to
| a. the total number of elements in the data set. |
| b. 100. |
| c. one. |
| d. None of these alternatives are correct |
85. A graphical method that can be used to show both the rank order and shape of a distribution of data simultaneously is a
| a. stem-and-leaf display. |
| b. dot plot. |
| c. relative frequency distribution. |
| d. pie chart. |
86. the numbers of hours worked (per week) by 400 statistics students are shown below.
| Number of hours | Frequency |
| 0 -9 | 20 |
| 10 – 19 | 80 |
| 20 – 29 | 200 |
| 30 – 39 | 100 |
The relative frequency of students working 10 – 19 hours per week is
| a. .25 |
| b. .80 |
| c. .40 |
| d. .20 |
87. The difference between the lower class limits of adjacent classes provides the
| a. class width. |
| b. number of classes. |
| c. class limits. |
| d. class midpoint. |
88. The sum of frequencies for all classes will always equal
| a. 1. |
| b. the number of classes. |
| c. the number of elements in a data set. |
| d. a value between 0 and 1. |
89. Information on the number of new teachers hired in a school district for each of four years is given in the table below.
The percent frequency of new hires in 2019 is _____.
| a. 80% |
| b. 40% |
| c. 10% |
| d. 25% |
90. What types of variables can be displayed by a scatter diagram?
| a. Two quantitative variables |
| b. Two qualitative variables |
| c. One quantitative and one qualitative variable |
| d. Only two discrete quantitative variables |
91. The numerical value of the variance
| a. is always smaller than the numerical value of the standard deviation. |
| b. is negative if the mean is negative. |
| c. is always larger than the numerical value of the standard deviation. |
| d. can be larger or smaller than the numerical value of the standard deviation. |
92. The __________ can be interpreted as the number of standard deviations a data value is from the mean of all the data values.
| a. correlation coefficient |
| b. skewness |
| c. z-score |
| d. coefficient of variation |
93. The most frequently occurring value of a data set is called the
| a. median. |
| b. range. |
| c. mode. |
| d. mean. |
94. If a data set has an even number of observations, the median
| a. cannot be determined. |
| b. is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order. |
| c. must be equal to the mean. |
| d. is the average value of the two middle items |
95. The heights (in inches) of 25 individuals were recorded and the following statistics were calculated
| mean = 70 | range = 20 |
| mode = 73 | variance = 784 |
| median = 74 |
The coefficient of variation equals
| a. 1120%. |
| b. 0.4%. |
| c. 11.2%. |
| d. 40%. |
96. From a population of size 1,000, a random sample of 100 items is selected. The mean of the sample
| a. must be 10 times larger than the mean of the population. |
| b. must be 10 times smaller than the mean of the population. |
| c. can be larger, smaller or equal to the mean of the population. |
| d. must be equal to the mean of the population, if the sample is truly random. |
97. The sample variance
| a. is always larger than the true value of the population variance. |
| b. could be smaller, equal to, or larger than the true value of the population variance. |
| c. can never be zero. |
| d. is always smaller than the true value of the population variance. |
98. Which of the following symbols represents the mean of the sample?
| a. μ |
| b. σ2 |
| c. σ |
| d. x̄ |
99. Which of the following provides a measure of central location for the data?
| a. Range |
| b. Variance |
| c. Standard deviation |
| d. Mean |
100.Suppose a sample of 45 measurements gave a data set with a range of –8 to –22. The standard deviation of the measurements
| a. must be at least zero. |
| b. is negative since all the numbers are negative. |
| c. can be either negative or positive. |
| d. cannot be computed since all the numbers are negative. |
101. Statistical studies in which researchers control variables of interest are
| a. observational studies. |
| b. experimental studies. |
| c. control observational studies. |
| d. non-experimental studies. |
102. Income is an example of
| a. categorical data. |
| b. nominal data. |
| c. either categorical or quantitative data. |
| d. quantitative data. |
103. The most common type of observational study is
| a. a survey. |
| b. an experiment. |
| c. a debate. |
| d. a statistical inference. |
104. Suppose the growth chart at a pediatrician’s office is not hung correctly such that it measures children two inches taller than their actual height. If the heights of 10 children are recorded, which of the following is a true statement?
| a. The children will systematically be two inches shorter. |
| b. The measurements of the heights that were recorded represent a data acquisition error. |
| c. The measurements of the heights that were recorded will be qualitative. |
| d. The heights will be exactly the same for each child. |
105. The subject of data mining deals with
| a. computing the average for data. |
| b. methods for developing useful decision-making information from large data bases. |
| c. computational procedure for data analysis. |
| d. keeping data secure so that unauthorized individuals cannot access the data. |
106.
Arithmetic operations are inappropriate for
| a. both categorical and quantitative data. |
| b. quantitative data. |
| c. large data sets. |
| d. categorical data. |
107.
The weight of a candy bar in ounces is an example of
| a. categorical data. |
| b. quantitative data. |
| c. weight data. |
| d. either categorical or quantitative data. |
108. Which of the following variables is quantitative?
| a. Phone number |
| b. Zip code |
| c. Weight of a package |
| d. All of these variables are quantitative. |
109. An interviewer has made an error in recording the data. This type of error is known as
| a. a non-experimental error. |
| b. a data acquisition error. |
| c. an experimental error. |
| d. a conglomerate error |
110.Local residents were surveyed for their satisfaction with the local government. The responses were recorded as follows: 0-not satisfied, 1-somewhat dissatisfied, 2-satisfied, 3-very satisfied. The variable recorded is an example of what type of variable?
| a. Quantitative variable |
| b. Variable measured on the ratio scale |
| c. Variable measured on the interval scale |
| d. Variable measured on the ordinal scale |
111. The proper way to construct a stem-and-leaf display for the data set {62, 67, 68, 73, 73, 79, 91, 94, 95, 97} is to
| a. include a stem labeled ‘(8)’ and enter no leaves on the stem. |
| b. include a stem labeled ‘8’ and enter no leaves on the stem. |
| c. include a stem labeled ‘8’ and enter one leaf value of ‘0’ on the stem. |
| d. exclude a stem labeled ‘8 |
112. Which of the following cannot be conveyed using a stem-and-leaf display? (Assume that the entire values are used in creating the stem-and-leaf display.)
| a. The order in which the observations were taken |
| b. The original data values |
| c. The shape of a data set |
| d. The rank order of the observations |
113. Which of the following is least useful in making comparisons or showing the relationships of two variables?
| a. Scatter diagram |
| b. Stem-and-leaf display |
| c. Crosstabulation |
| d. Stacked bar chart |
114. A researcher is gathering data from four geographical areas designated: South = 1; North = 2; East = 3; West = 4. The designated geographical regions represent
| a. categorical data. |
| b. quantitative data. |
| c. either categorical or quantitative data. |
| d. crosstabular data. |
115. The percent frequency of a class is computed by
| a. multiplying the relative frequency by 100. |
| b. multiplying the relative frequency by 10. |
| c. adding 100 to the relative frequency. |
| d. dividing the relative frequency by 100. |
116. The relative frequency of a class is computed by
| a. dividing n by cumulative frequency of the class. |
| b. dividing the frequency of the class by the number of classes. |
| c. dividing the frequency of the class by n. |
| d. dividing the cumulative frequency of the class by n |
117. A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the
| a. percentage of items in several classes. |
| b. relative percentage of items in several classes. |
| c. number of items in several classes. |
| d. fraction of items in several classes. |
118. A survey of 800 college seniors resulted in the following crosstabulation regarding their undergraduate major and whether or not they plan to go to graduate school.
| Undergraduate Major | ||||
| Graduate School | Business | Engineering | Others | Total |
| Yes | 70 | 84 | 126 | 280 |
| No | 182 | 208 | 130 | 520 |
| Total | 252 | 292 | 256 | 800 |
The above crosstabulation shows
| a. column percentages. |
| b. row percentages. |
| c. frequencies. |
| d. overall percentages. |
119.
Which of the following types of data cannot be appropriately displayed by a histogram?
| a. Cumulative frequency |
| b. Relative frequency |
| c. Frequency |
| d. Percent frequency |
120. Which of the following is a measure of variability?
| a. Quartiles |
| b. Interquartile range |
| c. Geometric mean |
| d. Percentiles |
121. From a population of size 400, a random sample of 40 items is selected. The median of the sample
| a. must be 10, since 400 divided by 40 is 10. |
| b. must be 200, since 400 divided by 2 is 200. |
| c. must be equal to the median of population, if the sample is truly random. |
| d. None of these alternatives are correct. |
122. numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a
| a. population mean. |
| b. sample statistic. |
| c. population parameter. |
| d. sample parameter. |
123. The median of a sample will always equal the
| a. (smallest value + largest value)/2. |
| b. (Q1 + Q3)/2. |
| c. Q4/2. |
| d. 50th percentile. |
124. An important numerical measure of the shape of a distribution is the
| a. z-score. |
| b. variance. |
| c. skewness. |
| d. coefficient of variation. |
125. The sample variance
| a. is always larger than the true value of the population variance. |
| b. can never be zero. |
| c. could be smaller, equal to, or larger than the true value of the population variance. |
| d. is always smaller than the true value of the population variance. |
126. The variance can never be
| a. negative. |
| b. smaller than the standard deviation. |
| c. zero. |
| d. larger than the standard deviation. |
127. The weights (in pounds) of a sample of 36 individuals were recorded and the following statistics were calculated.
| mean = 160 | range = 60 |
| mode = 165 | variance = 324 |
| median = 170 |
The coefficient of variation equals
| a. 203.12%. |
| b. 0.1125%. |
| c. 0.20312%. |
| d. 11.25%. |
128. The measure of location which is the most likely to be influenced by extreme values in the data set is the
| a. mean. |
| b. mode. |
| c. median. |
| d. range. |
129. Which of the following is not a measure of variability?
| a. The 50th percentile |
| b. The interquartile range |
| c. The range |
| d. The standard deviation |
130. Quantitative data
| a. are always non-numeric. |
| b. are always numeric. |
| c. are never numeric. |
| d. may be either numeric or non-numeric. |
131.
A characteristic of interest for the elements is called a
| a. data set. |
| b. sample. |
| c. variable. |
| d. quality. |
132. The height of a building, measured in feet, is an example of
| a. feet data. |
| b. either categorical or quantitative data. |
| c. categorical data. |
| d. quantitative data. |
133. The entities on which data are collected are
| a. elements. |
| b. populations. |
| c. samples. |
| d. observations. |
134. Which of the following variables is quantitative?
| a. Phone number |
| b. Zip code |
| c. Weight of a package |
| d. All of these variables are quantitative. |
135. Local residents were surveyed for their satisfaction with the local government. The responses were recorded as follows: 0-not satisfied, 1-somewhat dissatisfied, 2-satisfied, 3-very satisfied. The variable recorded is an example of what type of variable?
| a. Quantitative variable |
| b. Variable measured on the ratio scale |
| c. Variable measured on the interval scale |
| d. Variable measured on the ordinal scale |
136. Statistical inference
| a. refers to the process of drawing inferences about the sample based on the characteristics of the population. |
| b. is the same as descriptive statistics. |
| c. is the process of drawing inferences about the population based on the information taken from the sample. |
| d. is the same as a census. |
137.In a sample of 1,600 registered voters, 912 or 57% approve of the way the President is doing his job. The 57% approval is an example of
| a. descriptive statistics. |
| b. a sample. |
| c. statistical inference. |
| d. a population |
138. The number of observations will always be the same as the
| a. population size. |
| b. number of variables. |
| c. sample size. |
| d. number of elements. |
139. The summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical, are referred to as
| a. statistical inference. |
| b. descriptive statistics. |
| c. data analytics. |
| d. inferential statistics. |
140. In a sample of 400 students in a university, 80 or 20% are Business majors. Based on the above information, the school’s paper reported that “20% of all the students at the university are Business majors.” This report is an example of
| a. descriptive statistics. |
| b. a population. |
| c. a sample. |
| d. statistical inference. |
141. Many data analysts define big data by referring to the three V’s of data, which include all of the following except
| a. Volume. |
| b. Velocity. |
| c. Validity. |
| d. Variety. |
142. Some hotels ask their guests to rate the hotel’s services as excellent, very good, good, and poor. This is an example of the
| a. ordinal scale. |
| b. nominal scale. |
| c. ratio scale. |
| d. interval scale. |
143. the same, point in time would be _____ data.
| a. cross-sectional |
| b. nominal |
| c. time series |
| d. qualitative |
144. The number observations in a complete data set having 10 elements and 5 variables is
| a. 5. |
| b. 25. |
| c. 50. |
| d. 10. |
145. The sample size
| a. is always smaller than the population size. |
| b. is always equal to the size of the population. |
| c. can be larger than the population size. |
| d. can be larger or smaller than the population size. |
146. Which of the following defines the term “statistics”?
| a. Statistics are rarely useful and informative. |
| b. Statistics is the art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data. |
| c. Statistics refers only to the calculation of numbers, such as a mean. |
| d. Statistics are used only in sports to calculate “stats” for teams and players such as average rushing yards. |
147. A characteristic of interest for the elements is called a
| a. sample. |
| b. data set. |
| c. variable. |
| d. quality. |
148. Which of the following is not an example of a firm that sells or leases business database services to clients?
| a. Bloomberg |
| b. Census Bureau |
| c. Dow Jones & Co. |
| d. Dun & Bradstreet |
149. Local residents were surveyed for their satisfaction with the local government. The responses were recorded as follows: 0-not satisfied, 1-somewhat dissatisfied, 2-satisfied, 3-very satisfied. The variable recorded is an example of what type of variable?
| a. Variable measured on the ordinal scale |
| b. Variable measured on the ratio scale |
| c. Quantitative variable |
| d. Variable measured on the interval scale |
150. The relative frequency of a class is computed by
| a. dividing the frequency of the class by the number of classes. |
| b. dividing n by cumulative frequency of the class. |
| c. dividing the cumulative frequency of the class by n. |
| d. dividing the frequency of the class by n. |
151. Which of the following graphical methods shows the relationship between two variables?
| a. Dot plot |
| b. Crosstabulation |
| c. Histogram |
| d. Pie chart |
152. A researcher is gathering data from four geographical areas designated: South = 1; North = 2; East = 3; West = 4. The designated geographical regions represent
| a. crosstabular data. |
| b. categorical data. |
| c. quantitative data. |
| d. either categorical or quantitative data. |
153. The number of miles from their residence to their place of work for 120 employees is shown below.
The relative frequency of employees who drive 10 miles or less to work is _____.
| a. 0.85 |
| b. 0.85 |
| c. 0.25 |
| d. 0.71 |
154. The most common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a
| a. pie chart. |
| b. stem and leaf display. |
| c. bar chart. |
| d. histogram. |
155. The difference between the lower class limits of adjacent classes provides the
| a. class limits. |
| b. class midpoint. |
| c. number of classes. |
| d. class width. |
156. A graphical method that can be used to show both the rank order and shape of a distribution of data simultaneously is a
| a. dot plot. |
| b. stem-and-leaf display. |
| c. relative frequency distribution. |
| d. pie chart. |
157. A survey of 400 college seniors resulted in the following crosstabulation regarding their undergraduate major and whether or not they plan to go to graduate school.
What percentage of the undergraduates surveyed are majoring in Engineering?
| a. 400% |
| b. 42% |
| c. 151% |
| d. 38% |
158. Information on the number of new teachers hired in a school district for each of four years is given in the table below.
The percent frequency of new hires in 2019 is _____.
| a. 10% |
| b. 80% |
| c. 40% |
| d. 25% |
159. The sum of the relative frequencies for all classes will always equal
| a. the sample size. |
| b. one. |
| c. the number of classes. |
| d. any value larger than one. |
160. A display used to compare the frequency, relative frequency or percent frequency of two categorical variables is a
| a. stacked bar chart. |
| b. pie chart. |
| c. scatter diagram. |
| d. stem-and-leaf display. |
161. In a cumulative frequency distribution, the last class will always have a cumulative frequency equal to
| a. 100%. |
| b. 10. |
| c. one. |
| d. the total number of elements in the data set. |
162. The sum of frequencies for all classes will always equal
| a. a value between 0 and 1. |
| b. 1. |
| c. the number of elements in a data set. |
| d. the number of classes. |
163. A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the
| a. number of items in several classes. |
| b. relative percentage of items in several classes. |
| c. percentage of items in several classes. |
| d. fraction of items in several classes. |
164. The numbers of hours worked (per week) by 400 statistics students are shown below.
| Number of hours | Frequency |
| 0 -9 | 20 |
| 10 – 19 | 80 |
| 20 – 29 | 200 |
| 30 – 39 | 100 |
The cumulative percent frequency for students working less than 20 hours per week is
| a. 100%. |
| b. 80%. |
| c. 20%. |
| d. 25%. |
165. unaggregated data can be completely reversed if we look at the aggregated crosstabulation, the occurrence is known as
| a. Pareto’s rule. |
| b. Simpson’s paradox. |
| c. Reverse correlation. |
| d. Negative correlation. |
166. The most common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a
| a. histogram. |
| b. stem and leaf display. |
| c. bar chart. |
| d. pie chart |
167. The numbers of hours worked (per week) by 400 statistics students are shown below.
| Number of hours | Frequency |
| 0 -9 | 20 |
| 10 – 19 | 80 |
| 20 – 29 | 200 |
| 30 – 39 | 100 |
The relative frequency of students working 10 – 19 hours per week is
| a. .40 |
| b. .25 |
| c. .20 |
| d. .80 |
168. The relative frequency of a class is
| a. equal to the frequency of the class multiplied by 100%. |
| b. equal to the frequency of the class divided by the total number of observations, n. |
| c. equal to the frequency of the class. |
| d. always equal to 1% |
169. The percentage of data values that must be within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean for data having a bell-shaped distribution can be determined using
| a. Chebyshev’s theorem. |
| b. Percentiles. |
| c. A five-number summary. |
| d. The empirical rule. |
170. During a cold winter, the temperature stayed below zero for ten days (ranging from -20 to -5). The variance of the temperatures of the ten-day period
| a. can be either negative or positive. |
| b. cannot be computed since all the numbers are negative. |
| c. must be at least zero. |
| d. is negative since all the numbers are negative. |
171. The weights (in pounds) of a sample of 36 individuals were recorded and the following statistics were calculated.
| mean = 160 | range = 60 |
| mode = 165 | variance = 324 |
| median = 170 |
The coefficient of variation equals
| a. 0.20312%. |
| b. 0.1125%. |
| c. 11.25%. |
| d. 203.12%. |
172. The measure of dispersion which is not measured in the same units as the original data is the
| a. median. |
| b. coefficient of determination. |
| c. variance. |
| d. standard deviation. |
173. Which of the following is not a measure of variability of a single variable?
| a. Standard deviation |
| b. Covariance |
| c. Range |
| d. Interquartile range |
174. The sample variance
| a. could be smaller, equal to, or larger than the true value of the population variance. |
| b. is always smaller than the true value of the population variance. |
| c. can never be zero. |
| d. is always larger than the true value of the population variance. |
175. The geometric mean of five observations is the
| a. fifth root of the product of the 5 observations. |
| b. same as their mean. |
| c. square root of the product of the 5 observations. |
| d. same as their weighted mean. |
176. The geometric mean of 1, 1, 8 is
| a. 2.0. |
| b. 3.0. |
| c. 3.33. |
| d. 10.0. |
177. When the data are skewed to the right, the measure of Skewness will be
| a. positive. |
| b. one. |
| c. negative. |
| d. zero. |
178. Generally, which one of the following is the least appropriate measure of central tendency for a data set that contains outliers?
| a. Median |
| b. Mean |
| c. 50th percentile |
| d. 2nd quartile |
179. An important numerical measure of the shape of a distribution is the
| a. z-score. |
| b. coefficient of variation. |
| c. skewness. |
| d. variance. |
180. The geometric mean of 1, 1, 8 is
| a. 2.0. |
| b. 3.33. |
| c. 10.0. |
| d. 3.0. |
181. Which of the following symbols represents the mean of the population?
| a. σ |
| b. μ |
| c. σ2 |
| d. x̄ |
182. If the coefficient of variation is 40% and the mean is 70, then the variance is
| a. 1.75. |
| b. 2800. |
| c. 28. |
| d. 784. |
183. In a five number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization?
| a. The largest value |
| b. The 25th percentile |
| c. The smallest value |
| d. The mean |
184. In computing descriptive statistics for grouped data, the data values in each class are approximated using the
| a. class range. |
| b. class midpoint. |
| c. class upper limits. |
| d. class lower limits. |
185. The mean of a sample
| a. is computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items. |
| b. is computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n – 1). |
| c. is always smaller than the mean of the population. |
| d. is always equal to the mean of the population. |
186. The variance of a sample of 169 observations equals 576. The standard deviation of the sample equals
| a. 28,561. |
| b. 24. |
| c. 13. |
| d. 576 |
187. The numerical value of the variance
| a. is always larger than the numerical value of the standard deviation. |
| b. can be larger or smaller than the numerical value of the standard deviation. |
| c. is negative if the mean is negative. |
| d. is always smaller than the numerical value of the standard deviation. |
188. The weights (in pounds) of a sample of 36 individuals were recorded and the following statistics were calculated.
| mean = 160 | range = 60 |
| mode = 165 | variance = 324 |
| median = 170 |
The coefficient of variation equals
| a. 0.1125%. |
| b. 11.25%. |
| c. 0.20312%. |
| d. 203.12%. |
189. Which of the following scales of measurement are appropriate for quantitative data?
| a. Ratio and ordinal |
| b. Interval and ordinal |
| c. Interval and ratio |
| d. Nominal and ordinal |
190. An interviewer has made an error in recording the data. This type of error is known as
| a. a non-experimental error. |
| b. an experimental error. |
| c. a conglomerate error. |
| d. a data acquisition error. |
191.
The table above is an example of _____ data.
| a. cross-tabulation |
| b. interval |
| c. continuous |
| d. time series |
192. Which of the following variables is quantitative?
| a. Phone number |
| b. Zip code |
| c. Weight of a package |
| d. All of these variables are quantitative. |
193. Data measured a nominal scale
| a. must be numeric. |
| b. must be alphabetic. |
| c. must rank order the data. |
| d. can be either numeric or nonnumeric. |
194. Which of the following is a categorical variable?
| a. Your age on your last birthday |
| b. Your high school graduation year |
| c. Your cell phone area code |
| d. Your accounting class start time |
195. Data collected over several time periods are
| a. categorical data. |
| b. time controlled data. |
| c. cross-sectional data. |
| d. time series data. |
196. The scale of measurement that is used to rank order the observation for a variable is called the
| a. nominal scale. |
| b. ordinal scale. |
| c. ratio scale. |
| d. interval scale. |
197. In a questionnaire, respondents are asked to mark their gender as male or female. Gender is an example of a(n)
| a. quantitative variable. |
| b. interval-scale variable. |
| c. categorical variable. |
| d. ordinal-scale variable. |
198. The collection of all elements of interest in a particular study is
| a. descriptive statistics. |
| b. the population. |
| c. statistical inference. |
| d. the sample. |
199. The collection of all elements of interest in a particular study is
| a. descriptive statistics. |
| b. the population. |
| c. statistical inference. |
| d. the sample. |
200. Many data analysts define big data by referring to the three V’s of data, which include all of the following except
| a. Velocity. |
| b. Validity. |
| c. Variety. |
| d. Volume. |
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