1.When extreme scores of measurement tend to move toward the mean because they have extreme scores, not because of the intervention under study. This is called:
A) Statistical regression
2.When a control group is exposed to part of the intervention under study, multiple treatment interference (which is when subjects are given several different interventions at one time) occurs, the length of time of the program or treatment intervention because time may affect the study outcomes more so than the intervention itself; attrition rates or loss of subjects occur; and other potential confounding variables which may influence the outcomes of the study, it is due to __________.
A) Poor experimental procedures
3.Increases in survival time for patients with cancer, reduction of pressure sores in patients using a wheelchair, decrease in the number of adverse events in healthcare facilities that utilize a computerized physician order entry system (CPOE) are all examples of:
A) Dependent variables
4.This research design is like the pretest-posttest design but includes two intervention or experimental groups and two control groups. Pretests are used for one of the intervention groups and one of the control groups. Posttests are used for all groups. Therefore, four groups are included in which the first experimental group receives a pretest, an intervention and a posttest. The first control group receives a pretest, no intervention and a posttest. The second experimental group receives the intervention and a posttest only. The second control group receives no intervention and a posttest only. The extra groups are included to neutralize the effect of the pretest since sometimes it may influence the responses of recipients on the posttest. This design is called a:
A) Solomon four group method
5.This is when study participants or groups of participants are arbitrarily assigned to one type of intervention or no intervention. It is called:
A) Randomization
6.Medications, diet, exercise, education, or health information systems are all examples of:
A) Independent variables
7.It is sometimes difficult for the researcher to prove that the specific independent variable caused the dependent variable without any interference from other factors or events. This is one example of problems with:
A) Internal validity
8.Quasi-experimental research is like experimental research but does not include _______________ of participants.
A) Randomization
9.This quasi-experimental study is like the one-shot case study except that the pretest is used before the intervention. What is it called?
A) One group pretest-posttest method
10.The pretest-posttest control group method is when participants are randomly assigned to either the intervention (experimental) or a non-intervention (control) group. However, those participants assigned to the control group may receive a different intervention other than the one under study. Pretests are given to both groups at the same time to assess their similarities and differences. Posttests are given to both groups to determine the effect of the intervention. What is another name for this design?
A) Classic experimental design
11.This type of design includes using one group of participants as both the experimental group and the control group. A group of participants start out by being assigned to the experimental group and receive this intervention for a certain period, such as 6 months or a year. After they receive the intervention, they then begin to receive no intervention or another comparison intervention for another 6 months to a year. It is called:
A) Crossover design
12.The posttest-only control group method is like the pretest-posttest control group method except that no __________ is used.
A) Randomization
13.These issues pose the greatest problem against using the experimental method. They are called:
A) Ethical issues
14.This quasi-experimental study design is when two groups are examined; one with the intervention and one without, and then a posttest is given to assess the result of the intervention. It is called:
A) Static group comparison method
15.Forty hypertensive patients participated in the study; 20 were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 20 were randomly assigned to a control group. The intervention group received education from their public health nurse through 4–5 individual visits and phone contacts twice per week emphasizing the importance of compliance with their medications and the risks involved when not taking their medications as prescribed. The control group did not receive the educational contacts from the public health nurse but after the study they did receive educational instructional kits regarding compliance. The dependent variable or the outcome measure was compliance and was measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = noncompliant to 5 = full compliance. Compliance was based on the number of monthly doses taken. For example, if a patient took between 21–30 doses in a month, they would be considered in poor compliance, whereas, if a patient took 51–60 doses they would be in full compliance. What type of study design is this?
A) Posttest only control group method
16.Participants were randomized to the intervention or to the control group. Those in the control group did not have any further contact with the researchers until the posttest data was collected. Blood tests were given at pretest and posttest to determine cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and hemoglobin levels. Results showed the fasting glucose and hemoglobin levels of the experimental group were significantly more improved than those in the control group. What type of study design is this?
A) Pretest-posttest control group method
17.Events happening during the experiment that could impact the results are called:
A) History
18.Those individuals who leave a study can be very different than those who remain in the study and the characteristics of these individuals can affect the results. This is called:
A) Attrition
19.This study is a simple design in which an intervention is provided to one group and they are followed forward in time after intervention to assess the outcome (posttest). This design is called:
A) One-shot case study
20.Sometimes other groups called _______________ are used when a second intervention is used in the study design.
A) Comparison groups